外科重点（Surgical focus）.docVIP

外科重点（Surgical focus） Isotonic dehydration: the disease is most likely to occur in surgical patients; water and sodium are lost proportionally, so serum sodium is within normal limits, and extracellular fluid pressure remains normal. Hypertonic dehydration: also known as primary water shortage, water and sodium loss at the same time, but lack of water more than sodium deficiency, so the serum sodium is higher than normal range, the extracellular fluid is hypertonic. Hypotonic dehydration: also known as chronic dehydration or secondary dehydration, water and sodium are lost at the same time, but sodium deficiency is more than water shortage, so serum sodium is lower than 135mmol/L, and the extracellular fluid is hypotonic. Hypokalemia: serum concentrations below 3.5mmol/L are hypokalemia. The clinical manifestations included weakness of muscle and muscle, dysfunction of digestive tract, dysfunction of heart, metabolic alkalosis. Hyperkalemia: serum concentrations exceeding 5.5mmol/L. Metabolic acidosis: accumulation of or accumulation of acidic material in the body, or excessive loss of HCO3-. Metabolic alkalosis: caused by loss of H+ or increased HCO3- in vivo. Respiratory acidosis: alveolar ventilation and ventilation dysfunction, can not fully discharge carbon dioxide in the body, resulting in elevated PaCO2 in the blood, causing hypercapnia. Respiratory alkalosis: due to excessive alveolar ventilation, excessive carbon dioxide excretion in the body causes PaCO2 to cause hypercapnia. Shock: a syndrome characterized by an effective circulation, loss of blood volume, inadequate tissue perfusion, cellular metabolic disorder, and impaired function. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome: gram negative bacteria endotoxin release and in vivo antigen antibody complexes, can cause vascular spasm and vascular endothelial cell injury; at the same time, endotoxin can promote inflammatory mediators in vivo release, induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Three degree