lecture整理.docxVIP

（第1个lecture）Its in the DNATEACHER: Good morning. Today well talk about an important topic in biology—DNA and DNA testing. Can anybody tell us what DNA stands for?STUDENT 1：de-oxyribonucleic acid….TEACHER: Right. Its the molecule(分子) that carries genetic information in all living cells. Now first, well look at what DNA is and when it was discovered. Then, well look at DNA testing and several applications（应用程序）, or uses of testing. This is an exciting topic for biologists because the more we learn about DNA, the more we see how science may change our lives—from healthcare to our relationships. OK, what does DNA look like?STUDENT 1：It looks like two strings, kind of wrapping around each other.TEACHER: Yes, exactly. Theres a simple drawing of one in your book. As you can see, a molecule of DNA consists of two strands（绳索） of chemical compounds arranged in a twisted pattern. Inside the human cell are chromosomes. The DNA is organized in twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in the cell. Genes are arranged on the chromosomes and these carry fundamental genetic information like hair color, eye color, or characteristics that arent as visible, such as intelligence, and a lot more.Scientists have been studying DNA for a long time. First, in 1860, Gregor Mendel made two important discoveries: tiny particles he called genes, and, that genes carry information from cell to cell. Now this was really the beginning. Then, in 1953, J. D. Watson and Francis Crick discovered and described the DNA structure. Their work was so important that they received the Nobel Prize in 1962. For the first time, scientists could understand exactly how DNA tells the cells what to do. This generated more DNA research, and by the end of the twentieth century, scientists made other important discoveries. Probably the most important work was the Human Genome Project. The goal of the Human Genome Project was to complete the first reading of the human genome, the complete set of human DNA. Uh, this was a huge jo