心血管专科（Cardiovascular specialist）.docVIP

心血管专科（Cardiovascular specialist） Ii. Cardiovascular medicine 1. What is heart failure? What are the basic causes of heart failure? Heart failure is a syndrome that causes cardiac dysfunction in heart disease. The vast majority of cases refers to the decline of myocardial contraction force cardiac output can not meet the needs of the bodys metabolism, organ, tissue blood perfusion is insufficient, at the same time the performance of the pulmonary and/or systemic blood clot. Few cases of myocardial contraction force can be made to maintain normal cardiac output, but due to the increased abnormal left ventricular filling pressure, make the pulmonary vein is blocked and cause pulmonary congestion, known as diastolic heart failure. Heart failure is usually accompanied by pulmonary circulation and (or) circulatory congestion, so it is also known as congestive heart failure. The basic cause of (1) primary myocardial impairment: ischemic myocardial injury; Cardiomyelitis and cardiomyopathy; Myocardial metabolic disorder. (2) overload of the heart: pressure load (post-load) is overweight; Capacity load (preload) is overweight. 2. What is the commonly used mental function grading scheme? At present commonly used cardiac function classification scheme is according to the patients ability of self-conscious activities, divided into four levels: (1) Ⅰ, patients suffering from heart disease but activity is not restricted, general activity at ordinary times not cause fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea, or angina. (2) Ⅱ level: physical activity is limited by a mild heart attack patients, resting not self-conscious symptom, but normally activities can appear fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea, or angina. Physical activity level (3) Ⅲ: heart disease patients significantly limited, less than the usual general activity that caused the symptoms. (4) Ⅳ level: heart disease patient cannot be engaged in any physical activity. In the resting state, there will also be symptoms of heart failure, and inc