生态英文试题参考资料.docVIP

A卷 1、Fundamental niche(基础生态位): The niche space an organism can fill in the absence of competition or predation is known as the fundamental niche. 在没竞争和捕食条件下，有机体的生态位空间叫做基础生态位 2、Secondary pest outbreak(次发性病虫害爆发)：When natural enemies are destroyed, a number of potential pest species normally kept in check by their natural enemies may increase in number and become secondary pests.当天敌被消灭时，通常受天敌牵制的许多潜在的有害生物种，其数量可能增加，变成次发性病虫害。P299 3、Genetic bottleneck（遗传瓶颈）：When a population undergoes an abrupt contraction in numbers, this is accompanied by a change in gene frequencies and a decline in the total genetic variation. Genetic drift in the small population during the bottleneck results in the loss of genetic variation. Although population numbers may recover, genetic variation will remain low for many generations.当种群数量突然减少时，基因频率也会发生变化，总的遗传变异下降。瓶颈发生的时候，小种群的遗传漂变导致遗传变异丧失。尽管种群数量可以恢复，遗传变异在以后许多代仍会保持低水平。(P184) 4、Meta population(异质种群)：A metapopulation consists of a number of populations that exchange individuals through immigration and emigration.一个异质种群是由含有通过迁入和迁出交换个体的许多种群组成。: 5、Apparent competition(表观竞争): the interaction between the two prey species is exactly as if they were competing, yet they may utilize entirely different resources. This phenomena is known as apparent competition.两个猎物种群之间的相互作用看上去似乎它们确实是在竞争，然而它们或许利用完全不同的资源。这一现象叫做表观竞争。 6、Biodiversity(生物多样性): Biodiversity is a term encompassing the variety of organisms at all levels, from genetic variants belonging to the same species, to species diversity and including the variety of ecosystems. 生物多样性是包括全部层次的有机体变异性的术语，从属于同一种的遗传变体，到物种多样性和生态系统的变异。 二、问答题 Describe the types of density dependence.描述密度制约的各种类型 答：There are three types of density dependence: overcompensating, under compensating and exactly compensating. If a decline in numbers due to density dependence does not outweigh or balance the initial increase in numbers,density dependence is under compensating.Overcompensating density dependence occurs where the effect of increase