《天体物理前沿系列讲座》前沿系列讲座—1.pptVIP

可居住区域(Habitable zone) 液态水： 273KT373K 温度估计: 行星黑体近似 实际情况比这复杂：行星不完全吸收(反照率), 辐射也非黑体，行星转动慢等， 实际温度比上面高 雪线: T=273K, 外部giant planets, 内部rocky planets Dynamic Processes Mean motion orbital resonance（MMOR）: 当二个天体的转动周期为整数比时他们经受有规律的引力扰动。 天体m’和大天体m， 如果起始的共相位置偏离近心或者远心点， 在共相点二个方向受力不对称， m获得角动量， m’失去角动量，最后共相点往前移, 轨道不闭合 Dynamic Processes Zero order: sun’s gravity, close orbit, Kepler motion Orbital perturbations M: mass of central body m: mass of orbiting body r: distance of m from M mi: mass of disturbing body “i” ri: distance of mi from M Ri: disturbing function U: Gravitational potential Dependence on: mass of disturbing body proximity to disturbing body Orbital perturbations orbital elements Perturbations Third body Non-gravitational forces Non-spherical masses Long term effects Sources: Solar radiation Outgassing Heating Precession: change in the orientation of the orbit (Ω,ω) Size, shape and orbital plane: change in (a,e,i) of the orbit Orbital perturbations (example: third body) Why they should not be neglected? Satellites 12 (around Earth): a=150900 km e=0.8 i=0 deg Satellite 1: only Earth’s gravity Satellite 2: Earth + Moon + Sun Orbital perturbations: consequences Collisions Important in the early solar system Not only the result of perturbations Capture to orbit Important for giant planets Scattering of solar system objects Escape orbits Distant populations of small bodies Chaotic orbits Stable or unstable configurations: resonances What is a resonance? Integer relation between periods Periodic structure of the disturbing function Ri Resonances Orbit-orbit Spin-orbit Mean motion (orbital periods) Secular (Precession periods) (usually amplification of e) (e.g. Earth-Moon) tidal locking ----Introduction to Solar System Dynamics---- Mean-motion resonance Simple, small integer relation between orbital periods (Kepler’s 3rd law) Favored mean motion resonance in solar system: T1:T2=N/(N+1), N: small integer ----Introduction to Solar System Dyn