刺激学习动机.pptVIP

Chapter6 Motivating Learning激发学习动机;Issues in this chapter: 本章主要内容：;Discussion 1 ;What is motivation;Different kinds of motivation 不同类型的动机;Four kinds of motivation;External motivation: 外在动机 Low quality involvement 低质量的投入 Feeling with pressure 感到压力 Unstable 不稳定 Internal motivation: 内在动机 High quality involvement 高质量的投入 Feeling of pleasure 良好的感觉 Self-maintaining 自我保持;Social motivation: 社会动机 Value what other people valued 以他人的价值为重 Seeking perfection and being model 追求完美成为楷模 Working hard for the target beyond the task 为学习之外的目标而努力 Change with social evaluation 随社会评价的改变而变 Achieving motivation 成就动机 Focus on effects of learning 关注学习的后果 For personal value and benefit 为本人的价值和利益 Hard working and suffering 努力、受苦 Change with the input-output relationship 随投入－产出关系而变;; Two factors make students want to learn something:  使学生愿意学习的两个因素 a. The content of learning has to be important or valued to the learner. 学习内容对学习者有一定的重要性和价值。 b. It must be possible to do the leaning task. 学习任务是可能完成的。;a. To help students see the value of what they are doing. 帮助学生了解他们所做事情的价值。 b. To give students a reasonable expectation of success in achieving it. 对学生完成任务有合适的期望。;Discussion 2;What is attribution?;Internal-external 内部－外部 Controllable-uncontrollable 可控－不可控 Stability-instability 稳定－不稳定 General-special 一般－特殊 Expectable-unexpectable 可预期－不可预期 注意，归因并没有绝对的好与不好之分。但是有一种由于归因而导致的对学习的绝望（Learned hopelessness）情绪，需要认真加以防止。这种情况往往出现在一些表现较差的学生身上，他们认为自己的表现差是必然的（稳定归因），是无法把握的（不可控归因），是自己的资质不行（内部归因），从而导致这种情绪的产生。 ;Valuing the task of learning认识学习的价值; Ways that encouraging extrinsic motivation: 激发外部动机的途径 Positive reinforcement 正向强化 Negative reinforcement 反向强化 Extinction 消亡 Punishment 处分 Ways that encouraging social motivation: 激发社会动机的方法 Praise 奖励 Modelling 榜样; Environment that encouraging achievement motivation: 激励成就动机的环境 people know that they will be evaluated on their performance. 知道最终是通过成绩进行评价 People know that the evaluation will be favoura