4角度与方向测量.docVIP

Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） Horizontal and vertical angles are fundamental measurements in surveying.（水平角和竖直角是测量的基本测量工作） It is necessary to be familiar with the meanings of certain basic terms before describing angle and direction measurement.（在描述角度和方向测量之前，有必要熟悉【be familiar with熟悉】几个【certain某些】基本术语的含义【meaning】） The terms discussed here have reference to the actual figure of the earth.（这里讨论的这些术语与地球的真实形状有关【have reference to与……有关】） Basic Terms（基本术语） A vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction of gravity at that point.（地球表面任一点的垂线是指这点上沿着重力的方向的线【可译为：地球表面任一点的垂线方向是过该点的重力方向】） It is the direction that a string will assume if a weight is attached at that point and the string is suspended freely at the point. （如果在这点上用线悬挂一个重物，当线自由【即无干扰】静止【suspended暂停的、悬浮的】时，这条线所呈现【assume呈现】的方向即重力方向。） At a given point there is only one vertical line.（在给定的一个点上只有一条垂线。） A horizontal line at a point is any line that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point. （一点上的水平线是垂直【perpendicular垂直的】于过该点的垂线的直线。） At any point there are an unlimited number of horizontal lines.（过任一点的水平线有无数【unlimited】条。） A horizontal plane at a point is the plane that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point.（过一点的水平面是垂直于过该点的垂线的平面） There is only one horizontal plane through a given point.（过给定的一个点只有一个水平面） A vertical plane at a point is any plane that contains the vertical line at the point.（过一点的竖直面是包含【contain】过该点的垂线的任一平面） There are an unlimited number of vertical planes at a given point.（过给定的一点有无数个竖直面） Horizontal Angle and Vertical Angle（水平角和竖直角） A horizontal angle is the angle formed in a horizontal plane by two intersecting vertical planes, or a horizontal angle between two lines is the angle between the projections of the lines onto a horizontal plane.（水平角是指在一个水平面内由两相交【intersect相交v.】的竖直面形成的角，或者说，两条线之间的水平角是这两条线在水平面上的投影线的夹角） For example, observations to different elevation points B and C from A will give the horizontal angle ∠bac which is the angle