2 Heat Equation - Stanford University（2热方程-斯坦福大学）.pdf

2 Heat Equation 2.1 Derivation Ref: Strauss, Section 1.3. Below we provide two derivations of the heat equation, = 0 0 (2.1) This equation is also known as the diffusion equation. 2.1.1 Diffusion Consider a liquid in which a dye is being diffused through the liquid. The dye will move from higher concentration to lower concentration. Let ( ) be the concentration (mass per unit length) of the dye at position in the pipe at time . The total mass of dye in the pipe from 0 to 1 at time is given by () = 1 ( ) 0 Therefore, = 1 ( ) 0 By Fick’s Law, = flow in flow out = ( ) ( ) 1 0 where 0 is a proportionality constant. That is, the flow rate is proportional to the concentration gradient. Therefore, 1 ( ) = ( ) ( ) 1 0 0 Now differentiating with respect to , we have 1 ( ) = ( ) 1 1 Or, = This is known as the diffusion equation. 2.1.2 Heat Flow We now give an alternate derivation of (2.1) from the study of heat flow. Let be a region in . Let = [ ] be a vector in . Let ( ) be the temperature at point , 1 1 time , and let () be the total amount of heat (in calories) contained in . Let be the specific heat of the material and its density (mass