BASIC HEAT TRANSFER AND SOME （基本的传热和一些）.pdf

1 BASIC HEAT TRANSFER AND SOME APPLICATIONS IN POLYMER PROCESSING (A version of this was published as a book chapter in Plastics Technician’s Toolbox, Volume 2, Pages 21-33, SPE 2002) John Vlachopoulos and David Strutt Heat transfer is a branch of engineering science which seeks to determine the rate of energy transfer between bodies as a result of temperature differences. The concept of rate is the basic difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics. Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium and is concerned with the amount of heat required to change a system from one state to another. Thermodynamics does not answer the question of “how fast” a change is accomplished. It is the science of heat transfer that deals with this question. BASIC CONCEPTS The terms temperature and heat are understood intuitively. Temperature is the physical property that describes whether a body is “hot or cold”. If we touch a hot metal at 120°F (49°C) heat flows from the metal to our hand. If we touch a cold block of ice heat will flow from our hand to the ice. So, the intuitive concept of temperature is really defined by the heat exchange from one body to another. Heat is a form of energy that flows from one body to another as a result of a temperature difference. The two temperature scales used for measurement purposes are the Fahrenheit (°F) and Celsius (°C) scales. These scales were established by specifying the number of increments between the freezing (32°F, 0°C) and boiling point (212°F, 100°C) of water at standard atmospheric pressure. The absolute Celsius scale is called the Kelvin (K) and the absolute Fahrenheit