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Positive Interdependence, Individual (积极的相互依赖,个人)
Positive Interdependence, Individual Accountability, Promotive Interaction:
Three Pillars of Cooperative Learning
Introduction
In the Johnson and Johnson model of cooperative learning, there are five essential elements: positive interdependence, promotive interaction,
individual accountability, group processing, and socia l skil ls [1]. In this minidocument, the first three of these essential elements are examined in
detail, while the other two elements, helping students develop their teamwork skills and promoting reflection on team interactions, are addressed in
another minidocument in the Foundation Coalition series on act ive/cooperative learning. This document is intended to help facu lty members better
understand what positive interdependence, individual accountability, and promotive interaction are, why the t hree elements are important in
cooperative learning activities, and how these elements might be incorporated into a wide range of learning activities.
•Section 1 addresses questions about what is cooperative learning.
•Section 2 addresses questions about what are positive Interdependence, promotive interaction, and individual accountability.
•Section 3 addresses questions about why posit ive interdependence, promotive interaction, and individual accou ntability are required for effective
cooperative learning activities.
•Section 4 addresses questions about how faculty members might incorporate positive interdependence, promotive interaction, and individual
accountability into their classroo m activities.
Section 1 What is cooperative learning?
“Cooperative learning is the inst ructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each others learning [2].”
Although the pre
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