第十一次课3学时.DOC

第十一次课（3学时） PART 5 Process Control UNIT 1 A: A Process Control System 背景知识：生产过程是指这样一些工业过程：炼油、化工、冶金、制药、造纸、食品等。其特点是，生产过程连续、工艺比较复杂、变量多、变量之间耦合多、非线性特性严重、时间滞后大、可靠性与安全性要求高等。过程控制是自动控制领域的一个重要组成部分。 New Words: composition n. 成分 ensuing a. 后续的 ensue vi. 接着发生、结果是 注意区分：ensure vt. 担保、保证 fix v. 牢记 latent heat 潜热 heat exchanger 热交换器 condensing steam 冷凝蒸汽 inlet n. 入口 outlet n. 出口 deviate vt. 使偏离 correct vt. 校正 throttle vt. 节流、扼流、调节 n. 调节阀、节流阀 thermometer n. 温度计 thermistor n. 热敏电阻 transmitter n. 变送器 final control system 执行机构 解释： As we shall see in the ensuing pages, processes are dynamic in nature. Changes are always occurring, and if actions are not taken, the important process variables—those related to safely, product quality, and production rates—will not achieve design conditions. 在后续的章节中，我们可以看到过程的特性是动态的。各种参量总是在变化，如果不采取措施，这些重要的，与安全、产量以及生产率有关的过程变量将无法达到设计值。 The engineer designing a control system must be sure that the action taken affects the variable to be controlled, that is, that the action taken affects the measured value. Otherwise, the system is not controlling and will probably do more harm than good. 工程师在设计控制系统时，必须确保控制行为是可控的，即，控制行为所影响的变量是可测量的。否则的话，系统不但是不可控的，而且还会有有害的结果。 注：safely 应该改为safety。 翻译示例： One way to accomplish this objective is by first measuring the temperature T(t), then comparing it to its desired value, and based on this comparison, deciding what to do to correct for any deviation. The flow of steam can be used to correct for the deviation. This is, if the temperature is above its desired value, then the steam valve can be throttled back to cut the steam flow(energy) to the heat exchanger. If the temperature is below its desired value, then the steam valve could be opened some more to increase the steam flow(energy) to the exchanger. All of these can be done manually by operator, and since the procedure is fairly straightforward, it should present no problem. However, since in most process plants there are hundreds of varia