肺炎链球菌肺炎（Pneumococcal pneumonia）.doc

肺炎链球菌肺炎（Pneumococcal pneumonia） Chapter iii pulmonary infectious diseases Section 1 overview of pneumonia Pneumonia refers to the inflammation of the terminal airway, alveolar and lung, which can be caused by pathogenic microorganisms, physicochemical factors, immune injury, allergies and drugs. Bacterial pneumonia is the most common form of pneumonia and is one of the most common infectious diseases. Before the application of antimicrobial agents, bacterial pneumonia was a great threat to the health of children and the elderly, and the emergence and development of antimicrobial agents led to a significant reduction in the mortality of pneumonia. But in recent years, despite the application of powerful antibacterial drugs and effective vaccines, the overall case-fatality rate has not decreased or even increased. [epidemiology] In the 1990s, the incidence of pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia in the European and American countries was about 12/1000 and 5-10/1000 hospitalized patients respectively. The incidence of the incidence has increased in recent years. Patients with pneumonia were less than 1% to 5% of patients with pneumonia, and 12% in hospitalized patients and 40% in intensive care units (ICU). The cause of the high morbidity and mortality and social population aging, smoking, and accompanied by basic diseases related to immune function is low, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), heart failure, cancer, diabetes, uremia, neurological disease, drug addiction, alcoholism, AIDS, long become failure, major operations, application of immunosuppressant and organ transplantation, etc. In addition, it is also related to the changes of pathogens, the increase of the incidence of acquired pneumonia in hospitals, difficulties in the diagnosis of pathogenic diseases, and the unreasonable use of antimicrobial agents to increase bacterial resistance. [etiology, pathogenesis and pathology] The normal respiratory immune defense mechanism (the integri