基于EnergyandtheEnvironment.pptVIP

Transportation: Vehicle Fuel Efficiency There are several paths to improving the efficiency of engines while supplying the requisite power needed by the vehicle One is to improve the fuel (or thermal) efficiency of the engine, especially at off-optimum conditions where the engine is usually operated A second is to utilize transmissions that permit the engine to maximize its efficiency for a required power output A third is to reduce engine mass, for a given power, so as to improve vehicle efficiency However, there are serious constraints imposed on engine efficiency improvements by the requirements for limiting exhaust pollutant emissions Transportation: Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Reducing Intake Stroke Losses in SI Engines: At partial load the cylinder pressure during the intake stroke is lowered to reduce the fuel amount in the cylinder, resulting in a loss of efficiency This loss may be offset by varying the timing of the inlet and exhaust valves with the engine load Variable valve timing (VVT) systems (可变气门正时系统) are currently used in four-valve engines, adding to the peak power output and engine mass reduction benefit Another alternative is direct fuel injection (DI) into the cylinder during the intake stroke, forming a non-uniform fuel–air mixture at higher overall pressure and lower intake stroke power loss The recirculation of exhaust gas into the cylinder during the intake stroke so as to reduce exhaust pollutant emissions can be arranged to reduce intake losses and improve engine efficiency at part load Transportation: Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Replacing SI Engines by CI Engines: The indirect injection CI engine enjoys about a 25% advantage in fuel economy over the SI engine and does not suffer as much efficiency loss at part load as does the SI engine Direct injection CI engines have even higher fuel economy advantage, about 30–40% Direct injection CI Indirect injection CI Transportation: Vehicle Fuel Efficiency On the other hand, the CI engine is he