Ductile vs. brittle fracture people.Virginia.EDU（韧性与脆性断裂people.Virginia.EDU）.pdf

Chapter Outline: Failure How do Materials Break? Ductile vs. brittle fracture Principles of fracture mechanics Stress concentration Impact fracture testing Fatigue (cyclic stresses) Cyclic stresses, the S—N curve Crack initiation and propagation Factors that affect fatigue behavior Creep (time dependent deformation) Stress and temperature effects Alloys for high-temperature use Not tested: in 8.5 Fracture Toughness 8.14 Data extrapolation methods MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 8, Failure 1 Fracture Fracture: separation of a body into pieces due to stress, at temperatures below the melting point. Steps in fracture: crack formation crack propagation Depending on the ability of material to undergo plastic deformation before the fracture two fracture modes can be defined - ductile or brittle • Ductile fracture - most metals (not too cold): Extensive plastic deformation ahead of crack Crack is “stable”: resists further extension unless applied stress is increased • Brittle fracture - ceramics, ice, cold metals: Relatively little plastic deformation Crack is “unstable”: propagates rapidly without increase in applied stress Ductile fracture is preferred in most applications MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 8, Failure 2 Brittle vs. Ductile Fracture • Ductile materials - extensive plastic deformation and energy absorption (“toughness”) before fracture • Brittle materials - little plastic deformation and low energy absorption before fracture MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 8, Failure