Manoeuvring characteristics and interaction （和交互,操纵特征）.pdfVIP

Manoeuvring characteristics and 2 interaction Introduction; Ship’s performance factors; Pivot point action; Turning circles; Propeller action, transverse thrust; Angle of pitch, propeller slip; Twin screw vessels; Pod propul- sion; High speed craft reactions; Wheel over points; Squat and blockage factor; Interaction scenarios. Introduction Each ship will have its own manoeuvring characteristics. The position of the pivot point will vary performance, while performance itself can be affected by numerous factors; not least, growth on the hull. The propellers, of such varied construction these days, can expect to generate increased thrust with reduced cavitation, while ‘slip’ and transverse thrust affects have as yet, not been eliminated from propeller activity. Interaction inside the marine environment is noticeable in several forms, where a ship can experience a reaction from a land mass or another ship; typically, a parent vessel reacting with the smaller tug – the weaker element with the stronger. Interaction can be observed as squat, a bank cushion affect, or just an unexpected movement between two vessels in close proximity. Whatever form interaction takes, it is generally seen as undesirable and unwanted. Mariners have become familiar with its effects over the years and the industry has gone some way to educate our seamen in anticipation of what to expect. Bearing this in mind, it would seem obvious to avoid the experience if possible, or if it is going to be encountered, then we should know how to counter its adverse effects. Many factors are associated with interaction, not least speed of the vessel, depth of water, proximity of obstructions, the hull form and the manoeuvring aids operational to the vessel. Some influences can be avoided or even eliminated with awareness and training, while improved navigation practice must be expected to lessen the dangers and