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NC State University(NC州立大学)
ChemistryChemistry 433433
LLectture 2222
Non‐ideal behavior
NC State University
Free energy and entropy of mixing
We can calculate the free energy of mixing for an ideal
solution based on the chemical potential. The free
energy of mixing is
Δ G = Gsln((T,,P,,n ,,n )) ‐G *((T,,P,,n )) ‐G *((T,,P,,n ))
mixmix 11 22 11 11 22 22
sln sln * *
Δ G = n μ + n μ ‐n μ ‐n μ
mix 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
ΔΔ GG = nRT(xnRT(x lnxlnx + xx lnxlnx ))
mixmix 11 11 22 22
The free energy of mixing is always negative because x1
andand xx22 areare alwaysalways lessless thanthan oneone. AnAn idealideal solutionsolution willwill
always form spontaneously. This is due entirely to the
entropyentropy ofof mixingmixing. TheThe entropyentropy isis givengiven byby
Δ S = ‐(∂Δ G/∂T) = ‐nR(x lnx + x lnx )
mix mix 1 1 2 2
DefinitionDefinition ofof idealideal behaviorbehavior
ThisThis resultresult isis exactlyexactly thethe samesame asas thethe mixingmixing entropyentropy forfor
an ideal gas. For an ideal solution we find further that
ΔΔ VV == ((∂Δ∂Δ G/G/∂∂P)P) == 00
mix mix
and
ΔΔ HH == ΔΔ GG ++ TT ΔΔ SS == 00.
mix mix mix
The volume change and enthalpy of mixing are zero for
anan idealideal solutionsolution becausebecause thethe sizesize andand shapeshape andand
intermolecular potential of the two species being
miixedd are nearlly ththe same as ththe pure speciies.
AA modelmodel ofof molecularmolecular interactionsinteractions
WeWe cancan expressexpress thethe behaviorbehavior inin realreal solutionssolutions asas aa
deviation from Raoults law. For example, in the figure
belowbelow wewe havehave componentcomponent 11 withwith aa vaporvapor pressur
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