Representing and Manipulating Hardware in （代表和操作硬件）.pdfVIP

Representing and Manipulating Hardware in Standard C and C++ Embedded Systems Conference San Francisco 2002 Class 465 Dan Saks Introduction This paper discusses the basics of hardware manipulation using C and C++. It focuses on the common idioms for controlling devices that you can write in Standard C or Standard C++. Both C and C++ provide the following features that aid embedded programming: • bitwise operators and bitfields for packing data and manipulating individual bits in hardware registers • the const qualifier for identifying ROMable data • the volatile qualifier for identifying objects, such as memory-mapped ports, that may change due to events outside a program’s control • the type sig_atomic_t for declaring objects that a program can set and clear with- out interruption C++ does not add any features specifically for embedded programming, but classes can be extremely helpful in hiding messy hardware details behind cleaner interfaces. Touching Hardware Nearly all computer architectures use at least one of the following methods for accessing the hardware of input/output (i/o) devices: • Memory-mapped i/o maps device registers into the conventional data space. To a C or C++ programmer, memory-mapped i/o registers look much like ordinary data. Storing into a memory-mapped device register sends commands or data to a device. Reading from a memory-mapped i/o register retrieves status information or data from a device. This is the approach used in the Motorola 68K family of processors. • Port i/o maps control and data registers into a separate (often small) data space. Port i/o is similar to memory-mapped i/o except that programs must use special instruc- tions, such as the in and out instructions on the Intel x86 processors, to move data to or from the device registers. Neither the C nor