语言学的主题和演讲.ppt

;We make the world around us better.;Theme Rheme Experiential theme Textual theme Interpersonal theme eg. Hello, John! You know what? Teddy died in the mountains when he was travelling.;从语篇功能角度看，“每个小句和小句复合体的出发点都是主位（theme，后面以T表示）”（黄国文 2001:97）。主位后面剩下的就是述位（rheme，后面以R表示）。因此主位结构一般为“主位∧述位”（ ∧表示左边的成分比右边的成分早出现）。例1就是“John ∧beat Jane”。主位分标记性和无标记性之分（Halliday 1985a,b,1994）。请比较：;1a) John ∧ beat Jane.（无标记主位，即正常形式或一致式（congruent form）） 1b) Jane ∧ John beat hard.（标记主位：宾语提前） 1c) John ∧ beat Jane very hard.（无标记主位） 1d) Very hard ∧ John beat Jane.（标记主位：状语提前） 1e) Why ∧ did John beat Jane yesterday?（无标记主位） 1f) Yesterday ∧ why did John beat Jane?（标记主位：因为它不以wh-词开头） 1g) Beat ∧ Jane, very hard, John.（无标记主位） 1h) John, ∧ beat Jane very hard.（标记主位：不以动词原形或Don’t + 动词原形开头） 1i) Very hard, ∧ beat Jane very hard, John.（标记主位：同1h） 多重主位（multiple theme）的情况更复杂（姑且假设上例都是简单主位）。我们把上例变为 1j) But, ∧ you know, ∧ John ∧ beat Jane.;鸡不吃了。 鸡，不吃了。 鸡，我不吃了。 我不吃鸡了。 我，鸡不吃了。 我，鸡，不吃了。 鸡，我，不吃了。 ;Presupposition and assertion John beat Jane. 主语 谓语 前提 声言 （你认识的那个John） （你不知道吧？）;Sentence types: Quirk et al (1972) SV: Mary died. SVC: Mary is lunatic. SVA: Mary was here. SVO: Mary killed her husband. SVOC: Mary’s husband made her lunatic. SVOA: Mary killed her husband with her bare hands. SVOO: Mary’s husband left her nothing but a hut.;extension of sentences: Conjoining: I bought a computer and I found it had no hard disks. Embedding: I bought a computer which i found had no hard disks. Recursiveness: The computer that had no hard disks which can be used for infinite data storage is gone. ;Cohesion Repetition: Mary killed her husband. Mary was arrested a year later. Reference: Mary killed her husband. She was arrested a year later. Substitution: Mary killed her husband. The woman was arrested a year later. Ellipsis: Mary killed her husband and was arrested a year later. Logical connection: Mary killed her hus