英文课件-糖.pptVIP

Biochemistry Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrate: a polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis Monosaccharide: a carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate they have the general formula CnH2nOn, where n varies from 3 to 8 aldose: a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group ketose: a monosaccharide containing a ketone group Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are classified by their number of carbon atoms Monosaccharides There are only two trioses aldo- and keto- are often omitted and these compounds are referred to simply as trioses; although this designation does not tell the nature of the carbonyl group, it at least tells the number of carbons Monosaccharides Glyceraldehyde contains a stereocenter and exists as a pair of enantiomers Fischer Projections Fischer projection: a two dimensional representation for showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters horizontal lines represent bonds projecting forward vertical lines represent bonds projecting to the rear the carbon atom at the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines is not shown D,L Monosaccharides According to the conventions proposed by Fischer D-monosaccharide: a monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the right L-monosaccharide: a monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the left The four aldotetroses Enantiomers: stereoisomers that are mirror images example: D-erythrose and L-erythrose are enantiomers Diastereomers: stereoisomers that are not mirror images example: D-erythrose and D-threose are diastereomers D,L Monosaccharides Following are the two most common D-aldotetroses and the two most common D-aldopentoses D,L Monosaccharides and the three most common D-aldohexoses. Note that the third of these is an amino sugar also shown is the most common 2-keto-D-hexose Cyclic Structure Mono