2011年放射化学第5讲(放射性衰变).ppt

* C.L.Liu 简单推导 * C.L.Liu Transient Equilibrium (暂时平衡） * C.L.Liu * C.L.Liu Half-life of Mother Nuclide shorter than Half-life of Daughter Nuclide * C.L.Liu 218Po 218Po(?)214Pb(?-) * C.L.Liu The change of total activity with different ?1/?2. * C.L.Liu Similar Half-lives * C.L.Liu Parent with Multiple Radioactive daughters There are many radionuclides that decay to produce a sequence of radioactive daughters. * C.L.Liu 多子体衰变 Parent with Multiple Radioactive daughters When t=0 N1(0)=N1，0 N2(0)=N3(0)=N4(0)=0 Bateman equation Two assumptions: Only the parent is present at t = 0; No two decay constants in the chain are equal. * C.L.Liu Parent with Multiple Radioactive daughters * C.L.Liu Parent with Multiple Radioactive daughters * C.L.Liu Parent with Multiple Radioactive daughters Example: A sample of 222Rn has an activity of 1.00 ?Ci. Calculate the activity of the daughter nuclide 214Pb after 1.00 h. The decay is * C.L.Liu The number of atoms of the parent nuclide, 222Rn, is * C.L.Liu * C.L.Liu 四个天然衰变系 * C.L.Liu Decay Series Thorium decay series( thorium family): A=4n; Uranium-radium series( uranium family):A=4n+2; Actinium decay series( actinium family):A=4n+3; * C.L.Liu 铀系：4n+2 * C.L.Liu 铀系（4n+2) 8次?衰变， 6次?-衰变； 238U与234U达到平衡的时间：7t1/2(234U)?1.9?106a; 比较重要的子体：226Ra, 210Po (用于制备中子源）； 226Ra及其子体的?射线用于治疗癌症； 222Rn是唯一的气体。 * C.L.Liu 锕系：4n+3 * C.L.Liu 锕系：4n+3 8次?衰变， 4次?-衰变； 235U与231Pa达到平衡的时间：7t1/2(231Pa)?2.3?105a; * C.L.Liu 钍系：4n * C.L.Liu 镎系：4n+1 * C.L.Liu 镎系：4n+1 自然界中存在4n、4n+2、4n+3,3个放射系，缺少4n+1放射系。 4n+1放射系是用人工方法得到的； 在该衰变链中，237Np的寿命最长，其他核素都衰变完了，只剩下237Np； 除209Bi外，其他子体在自然界中的存量很小，因此长时间未被发现 。 * C.L.Liu Branching Decay(分支衰变) The parent nuclide(A) decays by two (or possibly more) separated decay modes (lB, lC,…). Each decay branch is independent of the other, and will have its own characteristic half-life and decay constant. These are called partial decay constant. Total activity of A is equal to the sum of the activity of each branch. The overall decay constant is the sum of