社会与个人“夹缝”中的索绪尔.pdf

社会与个人“夹缝”中的索绪尔 * —巴赫金与乔姆斯基对索绪尔的继承与批判 李曙光 摘要 巴赫金与乔姆斯基都是索绪尔遗产的继承人，但都从不同方面对其语言哲学思想进行了批判。 巴赫金赞同索绪尔的社会语言符号观，但认为语言学的第一性事实是具体的“言语”而非抽象的“语 言”；乔姆斯基在索绪尔启发下做出了“语言能力”与“语言运用”的二元划分，但选择从自然性个人视 角来观察语言，认为生成语法所刻画的语言器官的特定状态才是语言学的第一性事实。从策略上看，巴 赫金是在批判中继承了索绪尔，而乔姆斯基则是在继承中批判了索绪尔。二者对于索绪尔的不同解读， 既与他们构建自身理论的需要有关，又是索绪尔“社会―心理”语言理论框架的开放性所导致的必然结 果。 关键词 索绪尔 巴赫金 乔姆斯基 批判性继承 继承性批判 A Saussure in the “Vise” of “Social” and “Individual”： Bakhtin’s and Chomsky’s Inheritances from and Criticisms of Saussure Li Shuguang Abstract Though they both inherit a lot from Saussure， Bakhtin and Chomsky criticize him from opposing angles. Bakhtin agrees with Saussure on his social-semiotic construal of language， but between Saussure’s langue and parole he regards the latter rather than the former as the first- order reality of linguistics. Under the influence of Saussure， Chomsky proposed his dichotomy between competence and performance ， but he chooses to observe human language from an individualistic perspective， regarding the states of the language organ in human brains as the first-order reality of language. In terms of discourse strategies， Bakhtin accepts Saussure’s linguistic ideas through criticism， while Chomsky criticizes Saussure through showing affinity with him. Such differences result not only from their tasks of constructing their own characteristic theories but from the openness in the “social-psychological” framework of Saussure’s synchronic linguistics as well. Keywords Saussure ； Bakhtin ； Chomsky ； acceptance through criticism ； c