大学线性代数全集课的件.ppt

第六章 二次型 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 基本概念 二次型化为标准型 正定二次型 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. §1 二次型的概念 定义6.1 n个变量 的二次齐次多项式 其中aij=aji，称为二次型。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 记 其中，A为实对称矩阵。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 　　在二次型的矩阵表示中，任给一个二次型， 就唯一地确定一个对称矩阵；反之，任给一个对 称矩阵，也可唯一地确定一个二次型．这样，二 次型与对称矩阵之间存在一一对应的关系． 二次型的矩阵及秩 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 定义6.3 设A,B是n阶矩阵，如果存在一个n阶可逆矩阵C，使得 则称 B与A是合同的（congruent）。 注：1、合同关系满足反身性、对称性和传递性。 2、合同矩阵具有相同的秩。 3、若A为对称矩阵，则B也为对称矩阵。 注：标准形式的二次型所对应的矩阵是对角矩阵 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 设有可逆线性变换 　　对于二次型，我们讨论的主要问题之一是：寻求 可逆的线性变换，将二次型化为标准形． §2 化二次型为标准型 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 用正交变换法化二次型为标准形的具体步骤： Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 解 例2 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2012考研数学一 例 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 拉格朗日配方法化二次型为标准型的步骤 化二次型为含有平方项