群 南开大学 抽象代数.pdf

§ 1.1 1.1.1 A0 A  A0 A i i(x) = x, ∀x ∈ A0 i A0 A . 1.1.2 A0 A  f A0 B A B g , g (x) = f (x), ∀x ∈ A . 0 g f , f g A0 , f = g |A0 . 1.1.3 Æ f f f = g g , 3 2 1 2 1 f2 f1A1 A2 f3 C D g1 B g2 . 1 f A0 B A0 A  i A0 A g A B g f 1 i A0 A f g B g i = f . 1.1.4 A, B A × B = {(a, b)|a ∈ A, b ∈ B} A B . (k ) A × × A = {(a , , a )|a ∈ A , i = 1, , k}. 1 k 1 k i i 1.1.5 A, B, D A × B D f , A B D . A = B = D , A A A Æ A Æ A, a ∈ A, b ∈ B , (a, b) ∈ A × B , f ((a, b)) = d ∈ D, a b d, a b d. f ((a, b)) a ◦ b, a ◦ b = d. Æ “◦” “+” “×”, 3 + 5 = 8 3 × 5 = 15 Æ “◦” a ◦ b ab. 2 V n R V α, β V V R 3 A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2}, D = { }, f A × B D (1, 1) → , (2, 2) →