像经济学家一样思考-上海杉达学院.ppt

* * This and the following slide build the Circular-Flow Diagram piece by piece. * * In this diagram, the green arrows represent flows of income/payments. The red arrows represent flows of goods services (including services of the factors of production in the lower half of the diagram). To keep the graph simple, we have omitted the government, financial system, and foreign sector, as discussed on the next slide. You may wish to change the order in which the elements appear. To do so, look for “Custom Animation” in your version of PowerPoint. * * * * Suggestion: Show first row. Explain how we get the production numbers from the employment numbers. Then, show the rest of the employment numbers, and give students 3 minutes to compute the production numbers for each employment allocation. * * * * * * * Here, the “rise” is a negative number, because, as you move to the right, the line falls (meaning wheat output is reduced). Moving to the right involves shifting resources from the production of wheat (which causes wheat output to fall) to the production of computers (which causes computer production to rise). Producing an additional computer requires the resources that would otherwise produce 10 tons of wheat. * This exercise reinforces the material on the preceding slide. It is especially useful if you plan to cover Chapter 3 (Interdependence and the Gains from Trade) after completing Chapter 2. * There are two ways to get the answer. The hard way is to compute the slope of both PPFs. The slope of France’s PPF equals -600/300 = -2, meaning that France must give up two units of wine to get an additional unit of cloth. The slope of England’s PPF = -200/300 = -2/3, meaning that England only must sacrifice 2/3 of a unit of wine to get an additional unit of cloth. Thus, the opportunity cost of cloth is lower in England than France. The question, however, does not ask for the numerical values of the opportunity cost of cloth in the two coun