第十三章植物的抗逆生理.PDFVIP

第十三章植物的抗逆生理 Chapter 13 The physiology of plants under stress Definition of stress 逆境 Stress is usually defined as an external factor that exerts a disadvantageous influence on the plant. Stress can be biotic, imposed by other organisms, or abiotic, arising from an excess or deficient in the physical or chemical environment. Abiotic stress includes drought, flood, salinity, extremes of temperature (including freezing). Biotic stresses mainly include pathogens, insect predation and weeds. These stresses are rarely experienced singularly: they often occur in combination. For example, the simultaneous occurrences of drought and rapidly rising temperatures are among the most striking phenomena associated with global change. Plants that are sensitive to these factors are threatened. Understanding the physiology of plants under stress is essential in attempts to breed stress-resistant cultivars. 对植物的生长产生不利影响的外界因素称为逆境（也称为胁迫）。胁迫可分为生物胁迫（由 其他生物引起）与非生物胁迫（由理化环境中的过量或不足刺激引起）。非生物胁迫包括干 旱、洪涝、盐渍与极端温度（包括冰冻）等，生物胁迫主要包括病害、虫害和杂草等。以上 胁迫很少单独出现，经常相互伴随着发生。例如，在与全球气候变化有关的自然现象中，干 旱与急剧升温往往同时发生。而对这些现象敏感的植物会受其威胁。掌握植物在逆境下的生 理反应对培养优良抗性品种是十分重要的。 13.1 Impacts of stress on plants （逆境对植物的影响） 13.1.1 General morphological impacts （形态学影响） Stress may induce morphological changes in plants. For example, drought stress generally results in stomatal closure, leaf wilting and yellowing. High temperature can cause leaf scorch; leaf margins turn yellow or brown. High temperatures also induce violent molecular collisions that destroy a membrane as a physical barrier to diffusion. 逆境可引起植物的形态学变化。例如，干旱胁迫可导致气孔关闭，叶片萎蔫并变黄。高 温可使叶片烧焦，叶缘变黄、变褐，还可引起剧烈的分子碰撞，使作为扩散物理屏障的生 物膜被破坏。 13.1.2 General physiological impacts （生理学影响） Under stress conditions, water uptake by roots is generally inhibited. The water loss by transpiration exceeds the water uptake from the