13 TEMPERATURE, KINETIC THEORY, AND THE （13个温度,动力学理论,）.pdf

CHAPTER 13 | TEMPERATURE, KINETIC THEORY, AND THE GAS LAWS 429 13 TEMPERATURE, KINETIC THEORY, AND THE GAS LAWS Figure 13.1 The welder’s gloves and helmet protect him from the electric arc that transfers enough thermal energy to melt the rod, spray sparks, and burn the retina of an unprotected eye. The thermal energy can be felt on exposed skin a few meters away, and its light can be seen for kilometers. (credit: Kevin S. O’Brien/U.S. Navy) Learning Objectives 13.1. Temperature • Define temperature. • Convert temperatures between the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales. • Define thermal equilibrium. • State the zeroth law of thermodynamics. 13.2. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids • Define and describe thermal expansion. • Calculate the linear expansion of an object given its initial length, change in temperature, and coefficient of linear expansion. • Calculate the volume expansion of an object given its initial volume, change in temperature, and coefficient of volume expansion. • Calculate thermal stress on an object given its original volume, temperature change, volume change, and bulk modulus. 13.3. The Ideal Gas Law • State the ideal gas law in terms of molecules and in terms of moles. • Use the ideal gas law to calculate pressure change, temperature change, volume change, or the number of molecules or moles in a given volume. • Use Avogadro’s number to convert between number of molecules and number of moles. 13.4. Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature • Express the ideal gas law in terms of molecular mass and velocity. • Define therma