7. R EFLECTANCE S PECTROPHOTOMETRY AND （7所示。）.PDF

7. REFLECTANCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND COLORIMETRY 7.1. Principles P HYSICAL BA C KG ROUND Color is the human eye ’s perception of reflected radiation in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (400–700 nm). It originates from electromagnetic energy changes in electron orbitals, caused by the absorption of photons, in the transition elements contained in the crystal structure of minerals (e.g., Burns, 1970). One of the most objective ways to measure color is to use diffuse-reflected spectrophotometry. Light reflected from the material is collected in an integration sphere, normalized to the source light of the reflectance, and calibrated with the measurement of a pure white standard (100% reflection) and a black box (zero reflection) over the entire wavelength spectrum of visible light. For material studies, near-ultraviolet (250–400 nm) and near-infrared (700–850 nm) have been shown to be useful. Reflectance spectra are related to color using established international conventions. According to the Commission Internationale dEclairage (CIE) (1986) method, tristimulus values are derived from the color reflectance spectra as follows: For 2° standard observer (CIE, 1931) and 400 ≤ λ ≤ 700 (nm): (1) X = K ∑ S(λ) x(λ) R(λ), (2)