CHAPTER MAGNETIC FIELD IN MATERIALS（章磁场在材料）.pdf

CHAPTER 13: MAGNETIC FIELD IN MATERIALS 113 13. Magnetic Field in Materials . In magnetic terms, atoms and molecules inside matter resemble tiny current loops. If a piece of matter is situated in a magnetic field, the moment of magnetic forces partly aligns these loops, and we say that the substance is magnetized. The magnetic field produced by the substance is due to these aligned current loops, known as Amperes currents. A substan~e in the magnetic field can therefore be visualized as a large set of oriented elementary current loops situated in a vacuum. These oriented loops can be replaced by equivalent macroscopic currents situated in a vacuum, known as the magnetization currents. . An elementary current loop is first characterized by a magnetic moment, rn = I S, where I is the loop current and S its vector area. Next the magnetization vector, M, is defined, as (L:rn)in dv = Nrn (Aim), (13.1) M = - dv where N is the number of Amperes currents per unit volume. . The Ampere currents can be considered to be situated in a vacuum. Consequently, they can be incorporated in Amperes law (which is valid for currents in a vacuum): iB. dl = lLo (lJ . dS + i M. dl) , (13.2) or iH .dl = lJ .dS, (13.3) where H = B IlLo- M (Aim) (13.4) is known as the magnetic field intensity vector. For linear magnetic materials