03语言学Chapter 3_lexicon - 副本课件.ppt

Chapter Three Lexicon;1. What is word?;1.1 Three senses of “word”;However, in casual speech or writing, it often becomes: Phonological: Orthographic: It’s wonderful. Are they two words or three?;A set of forms: walk, walks, walking, walked How many words are there? I usually have dinner at 6 but yesterday I had it at seven. How many times did the word “have” occur?;A lexical item or a lexeme;A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme Problem: blackboard;1.2 Identification of words;A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, eg —Is Jane coming tonight? —Possibly. Hi. Wonderful.;1.3 Classification of words;Grammatical vs. Lexical Words: Grammatical/Function words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns. Lexical/Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. Closed-class vs. Open-class Words: Closed-class words: New members cannot normally be added, eg pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliaries. Open-class words: New members can be added, eg nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. ;Word class: known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article, etc. Some new terms in word class: Particle: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc. Auxiliary: do, have Modal verbs: can, will, may, must, etc.;Pro-forms: substitutes for other terms. Pronoun: he, she, I, they, everyone Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his. Pro-verb: He speaks English better than he did. Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too. Pro-locative: He went there.;Determiner: all the articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers that appear before the noun and its modifiers. As many as three determiners may be used in each case and there is a fixed order when there is more than one.;楞寥崖褂阀轮攘耗胺呸麻烹蝎猜跪柏犁膜权辫粗暇乎弃躲线册据遁儒惑豢03语言学Chapter 3_lexicon - 副本课件03语言学Chapter 3_lexicon - 副本课件;Predeterminers