4.4 Heat transfer to fluids without phase change课件.pptVIP

4.4 Heat transfer to fluids without phase change;Self-learning: 4.4.1 Boundary Layers 4.4.2 Heat transfer by forced convection in laminar flow [Some important conclusion may be mentioned later];Regimes of heat transfer in fluids ;At ordinary velocities the heat generated from fluid friction is negligible in comparison with the heat transferred between the fluids.; The properties of the fluid viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density are important parameters in heat transfer. ;4.4.3 Heat transfer by forced convection in turbulent flow (p.191~); A dimensional analysis of the heat flow to a fluid in turbulent flow through a straight pipe yields dimensionless relations.; Here, mass velocity; The Nusselt number for heat transfer from a fluid to a pipe or from a pipe to a fluid is the film coefficient multiplied by D/k; Prandtl number is the ratio of the diffusivity of momentumμ/ρto the thermal diffusivity k/ρcp;Empirical equation;A recognized empirical correlation, for long tubes with sharp-edged entrances, is the Dittus-Boelter equation;A better relationship for turbulent flow is known as the Sieder-Tate equation;Effect of tube length;Average value of hi in turbulent flow Since the temperature of the fluid changes from one end of the tube to the other and fluid properties μ , cp and k are all function of temperature, the local value of hi also varies from point to point along the tube. ;For liquids the effect of temperature is much greater than for gases because of the rapid decrease in viscosity with rising temperature. ;In practice, an average value of hi is calculated and used as a constant in calculating the overall coefficient U. ;Estimation of wall temperature Tw;for the cold side (outside of tube),;(4.3-9) ; To determine Tw the wall resistance can usually be neglected;Cross sections other than circular;Assignment: Problem 4.7.;Examples 4.7; 4.8.; 4.4.4 Heat transfer in transition region between laminar and turbulent flow (p.196