Lecture 9：Syntax课件.ppt

Lecture 16 Syntax ;Contents;1. Introduction; Different linguistic theories differ first in their treatment of sentence structure, such as The traditional grammar : a sentence is seen as a sequence of words , involving the study of the word categories and concerning the syntactic formation.;The structural grammar: a sentence is regarded as a linguistic unit as interrelated with each other in a structure (or system), not as isolated bits, concerning the syntactic relations; The generative grammar: a sentence is a system of innate rules, concerning the syntactic generation;;The functional grammar: a sentence is an instrument used to perform various functions in social interactions, concerning the syntactic functions. The cognitive grammar: a sentence is a reflection of the physical /experiential reality in mental world, concerning the syntactic iconicity, etc.;2. What is syntax?; Syntax is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the internal structure of sentences and the rules by which sentences are formed. That is, how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.; A sentence is a sequence of words arranged in a certain order in accordance with grammatical rules. Sequences of words that conform to the rules are well formed or grammatical, otherwise, ungrammatical.;3. Syntax as a system of rules; As a major component of grammar, syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allows words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. ; 1. Syntactic rules: finite in number by which endless number of sentences can be produced and understood 2. Syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.;3.Goal of linguistics: to show how syntactic rules a