@@@Chapter_4_syntax课件.ppt

Chapter FourFrom Word to Text;Pre-discussion Questions ;Teaching objectivity.;Focal Points ;SYNTAX;Syntax accounts for:;1)Sentence patterns/types in English;2) Language types;4.1 The main branches of syntax;1. The traditional approach;case:;Tense and aspect;1.Distinction between Time and Tense 时态和时间是两个不同的范畴。时间是个普通的概念。它不依赖于任何一种特定的语言，是人类语言共有的概念；不论什么民族，什么语言，其所有的时间概念皆是共同的。时态则是一种语言的手段，一个语法范畴，是用以表示各种时间和动作方面的动词形式。具体地讲是表示时间的动词的词形变化。不同的语言具有不同的时态。有的语言甚至没有时态。 A: What is the time? B: 8 o’clock. A: When did you get up? B: I got up at 8 o’clock;时态的“时”就是时间。它是一个语法范畴，和我们常识中的时间不完全相同。英语语法中也用“过去 ”、 “现在 ” 、“将来”这些词语，但是他们所指的时间并不完全相当于我们实际生活中的“现在”、“过去” 和“将来”。 Where are you going ?(现在时间) 你去哪儿？ When are you going there?（将来时间）你们什么时候去那里？ If weather permits, we’ll go out for a picnic on Saturday.（将来时间 ）如果天气好，我们星期六去野餐。 “态”可作姿态或动态解，相当于动作的方面。“时”有过去 、现在 、将来和过去将来四种。“态”也有四个主要部分，即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。将四个“时”和“态”组合在一起，就是时态的种类，共;十六种时态;2. The structural approach;syntagmatic rules组合;Paradigmatic聚合;2.1 Grammatical construction  and its constituents;2.2 The hierarchical structuring of English;IC analysis;John likes singing Chinese songs. John likes? likes singing? singing Chinese? BUT: likes (singing (Chinese songs)) John (likes (singing (Chinese songs)));Tree diagram;;Labeled Tree diagram;Bracketing;IC analysis;Some concepts;Labeled tree-diagram;;Two ways of IC analysis;;Immediate Constituent Analysis; -- remove the ambiguity as found in the love of God Flying planes can be dangerous.; e.g. He is easy to please. He is eager to please. ;Analysis in terms of Chomsky’s TG grammar;I. While IC analysis was capable of demonstrating some of the relationships in English sentence patterns, it provided no basis for analysis of the differences between sentences whose patterns were the same but the relationships different. ;A:John is easy to please. B:John is eager to please. ;2. This problem comes into even sharper focus when ambiguous sentences are considered.;3. Simi