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Chapter 4-1 word formation课件
Chapter 4;Contents:;Introduction;Other means;4.1 Some basic concepts of word-formation;4.1.1 Root
A ~ is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. ; It is that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (所有的词缀去掉后剩下的部分);A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme(词位).;A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word. For example, in the English language, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN.;All words contain a root morpheme.;Example:;Internationalist:
Root—nation.
Na/tion: na: nonsense. ;4.1.2 Stem (词干) :;It is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.(所有的屈折词缀去掉以后剩下的部分) ;Examples:;internationalists:
nation : nation+s
national: national+s
international: international+s;A stem may consist of a single root morpheme, or of 2 root morphemes. ;A stem can also be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes.;4.1.3 Base (词基) :;“ a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied”.
This means that any root or stem can be termed as a base.
;Differences between base and root;Root is a form which permits no further analysis.
;Examples:;Differences between base and stem;Only inflectional affixes can be added to a stem.;Figure (1)
unanalyzable root (derivational)
(or base) suffix
desire able;Figure (2);Figure (3);Figure (4);nation:
root, stem, base
national:
stem, base
international:
stem, base
internationalist:
stem, base;4.2 Affixation/derivation;The words formed by derivation are called derivatives. It is subdivided into prefixation and suffixation. ;4.2.1 Prefixation;Examples (those that change):;Classification of Prefixes(10); 3)pejorative prefixes(
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