高分子材料加工成型(第二章添加剂)课件.ppt

第二章 添加剂additives;第一节 稳定剂 Stabilizer 老化aging：高分子材料在使用和成型加工过程中受 内在因素，如分子结构、成型加工时选用的添加剂及其用量、成型加工方法等； 外界因素如物理（光、热、应力、电场、射线）、化学（氧、臭氧、重金属离子、化学介质）和生物因素（微生物、昆虫等）的作用下，发生表面状态、物理机械性能和结构的变化，甚至失去使用价值。 ;老化的表现形式modality 外观appearance 物理性能physical performance 机械性能mechanical performance 电性能electrical performance 结构structure 老化的原因reason 光light、热heat、氧oxygen是主要因素 自动氧化+热分解→聚合物降解 automatic oxidation+heat decomposition →polymer degradation ; 防止或抑制老化的方法 引入带有功能性基团的单体共聚改性 可采用加稳定剂 （此为主要方法） 对活泼端基作消活处理 ;Stabilizer Poly(vinyl chloride) is relatively unstable to heat and light. Thermal initiation involves loss of a chlorine atom adjacent(邻近的) to some structural abnormality (变态, 畸形, 异常性) which reduces the stability of the C-Cl bond, such as terminal unsaturation（不饱和现象）. The chlorine radical so formed abstracts a hydrogen to form HCl; the resulting chain radical then reacts to form chain unsaturation with regeneration of a chlorine radical. ; The reaction can also be initiated by ultraviolet light which is absorbed at unsaturated structures with liberation of an adjacent chlorine atom. In the presence of oxygen, both chain reactions are accelerated, and ketonic(酮) structures are formed in the chain. ; 一、热稳定剂——主要用于PVC塑料中 1、PVC稳定性的影响因素influencing factor 温度temperature 氧oxygen 光light 型号type 脱出的HCl ;2、热稳定剂的作用——补救和预防 中和HCl 取代不稳定氯原子 钝化杂质 防止自动氧化 与不饱和部位反应 破坏碳正离子盐 ;Stabilizers are almost invariably added to improve the heat and light stability of the polymer. Metallic salts of lead(铅盐), barium(钡), tin（锡）, or cadmium（镉） are used. Oxides（氧化物）, hydroxides（氢氧化物）, or fatty-acid salts（脂肪酸盐） are most effective. Epoxy plasticizers aid materially in stabilizing the resin. Free radical acceptance appears to be a prominent mechanism of stabilization. HCl acceptors have been used.;3、热稳定剂的种类及选择 the kind of heat stabilizers and how to choice 常用热稳定剂in common use，表2-1(P70）： 铅盐salts of lead 硬脂酸盐stearate 有机锡organic tin 复合稳定剂compound stabilizers 稀土rare earth stabilizers 环氧化合物等Epoxy stabilizers