Epigenetics History课件.pptVIP

The Most Difficult Definitions in Science:;The definition of “Epigenetics”;Genetics;Position-Effect Variegation (PEV) (H.J. Muller, 1930);Genetically defined Su(var) and E(var) genes and their functions (from ~30);Paramutation (R.A. Brink, 1958);(A) B’ Mop1/mop1;RMR6 (Required to Maintain Repression) is Pol IV;X-chromosome Inactivation (M.F. Lyon, 1961);1. In XY-males, the single X chromosome is active in all cells, while in each cell of the female (XX) one of the two X chromosomes becomes inactivated.;;Molecular mechanism of X chromosome inactivation;Human genes escaping from X inactivation;What do we learn from the last three classical epigenetic cases?;The “histone code” hypothesis by Strahl and Allis (2000);Many of the histone-modifying enzymes have other nonhistone substrates;There are over 60 different residues on histones where modifications have been detected.;Weaver et al. 2005, Nat. Neurosci. 7: 847-54.;In humans, childhood abuse alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress responses and increases the risk of suicide. We examined epigenetic differences in a neuron-specific glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) promoter between postmortem hippocampus obtained from suicide victims with a history of childhood abuse and those from either suicide victims with no childhood abuse or controls. Decreased levels of NR3C1 mRNA and increased cytosine methylation of an NR3C1 promoter were found to be associated with suicide victims with a history of childhood abuse.;Epigenetic variation among monozygous twins;Epigenetic variation and transgenerational inheritance;Model for the regulation of the floral repressor FLC throughout the Arabidopsis life cycle. During seedling growth, a group of genes encode proteins that function as activators of FLC expression (shown in blue). These proteins may maintain FLC chromatin in an active state. The RNA-binding proteins (shown in red) may function post-transcriptionally to achieve this. The FVE/FLD proteins act with a putative his