镍基单晶高温合金研究进展教材.doc

镍基单晶高温合金研究进展 孙晓峰，金涛，周亦胄，胡壮麒 （中国科学院金属研究所，沈阳 110016） 摘 要：单晶高温合金具有高高温强度、良好的抗氧化和抗热腐蚀性能、优异的蠕变与疲劳抗力、良好的组织稳定性和使用可靠性，广泛应用于涡轮发动机等先进动力推进系统部件。Single crystal superalloys have been widely used to make turbine blades and guide vanes for aero-engines and industrial gas turbines because of improved strength, creep-rupture, fatigue, oxidation and hot corrosion properties as well as stable microstructure and reliability at high temperature environments. After removal of grain boundary by using directional solidification technique, grain boundary elements which decrease the incipient melting temperature were reduced remarkably in single crystal superalloys. Consequently, the solution and aging treatment of single crystal superalloys can be done at higher temperature due to the enhanced incipient melting temperature, and then the high temperature strength of single crystal superalloys is higher than that of equiaxed and directionally solidified superalloys. There were great progress on approach of alloy design, relationship between structure and mechanical performances, process of pure smelting and processing of directional solidification in the last decades. The present work reviews these progress from compositions of alloys, role of elements, mechanism of strengthening, anisotropy of mechanical properties, procedure of solidification, control of defects and processing of single crystal superalloys. Key words：single crystal superalloy；mechanism of strengthening；directional solidification；anisotropy of properties —————————————————— 基金项目：国家973计划项目（2010CB631206） 通讯作者：孙晓峰，男，1964年生，研究员，博士生导师 1引言 高温合金（Superalloy）是以铁、镍、钴为基，在600℃以上高温环境服役，能承受苛刻的机械应力。高温合金具有高的室温和高温强度、良好的抗氧化和抗热腐蚀性能、优异的蠕变与疲劳抗力、良好的组织稳定性和使用可靠性，广泛应用于涡轮发动机等先进动力推进系统热端部件。高温合金研究的不断，不仅推动了航空/航天发动机等国防尖端技术进步，而且促进了交通运输、能源动力、石油化工、核工业等国民经济相关产业的技术发展。80年代开始，PWA1480、CMSX-2、CMSX-3、SRR99等第一代单晶高温合金出现以来，单晶高温合金的研究取得了突破性进展。随着合金设计理论水平的提高和铸造工艺技术的进步，以及Re元素的添加，相继出现了以PWA1484、CMSX-4、RenéN5等为代表，耐温能力比第一代单晶高温合金高约30℃的第二代单晶高温合金[1-3]，和以CMSX-10、RenéN6等为代表，耐温能力比第一代