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㈠?????? ?it作形式主语：　　it作形式主语时没有具体的意义，而只是帮助把真正的主语移到句子后部去，使句子显得平稳一些。it作形式主语时，可以代替三种形式：不定式、动名词和主语从句。　　⒈ it代替不定式短语　　常用于下列句型中：It + be +形容词 + (for/of sb.) 　　to do sth.　　It + be + 名词 + to do sth.　　It takes sb. some time to do sth. 干…花了某人…时间　　It’s up to sb. to do sth. 干…是某人的职责或义务　　　①It is everyone’s duty to obey the law.　　遵守法律是每个人的义务。（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to obey the law）　　②It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.　　对于一个外国人来说，学习汉语是困难的。　　（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to learn Chinese）　　③It is not right to use these places as rubbish dumps.　　把这些地方用来倒垃圾是不对的。　　（it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to use these places as rubbish dumps）　　④It took them a year to build the bridge.　　建这座桥花了他们一年的时间。（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to build the bridge）　　◆ It be + 形容词+ for sb. to do sth.与It be + 形容词+of sb. to do sth.：　　如果句型中的形容词描述的是sb.的品质、品格，在逻辑上可以作sb.的表语，则sb.前应用介词of，否则就用for。　　①It’s necessary for us to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes.　　我们用一台短波收音机收听这些节目是必要的。　　③It’s kind of you to help me.　　感谢你对我的帮助。（= You are kind to help me. ）　　④It was foolish of him to give up the job.　　他放弃那工作是愚蠢的。（= He was foolish to give up the job　　⒉ it代替动名词短语：　　动名词作主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那么普遍，常限于no good, no use, useless, waste等词的后面。　　 　　①It is no good/ use having a car if you can’t drive.　　如果你不会开车，有车也没用。( it作形式主语,代替动名词短语having a car)　　②It is a waste of time watching TV.　　看电视是浪费时间。（ it作形式主语,代替动名词短语watching TV）　　③It is no use asking him.　　问他没有用。（ it作形式主语,代替动名词短语asking him）　 ⒊ it代替主语从句：　　这个主语从句可以用连词that引导，也可以用连接代词或连接副词引导。　　①It was clear that they had no desire for peace.　　很清楚他们没有和平的诚意。　　（ it作形式主语,代替主语从句that they had no desire for peace）　　②It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.　　她能否来还很难说。（ it作形式主语,代替主语从句whether she will be able to come）　　③It was clear enough what she meant.　　她的意思是够清楚的。（ it作形式主语,代替主语从句what she meant）　　用it作形式主语，把真正的主语从句移至后面的常见句型有：　　◆ It is a pity/ a shame/ a fact/ an honour/ good news/ no wonder/ a wonder… that…　　①It was a pity that the engineer couldn’t come.　　可惜工程师没能够来。　　②It is a w