naturalism美国文学自然主义.ppt

American Realism and Naturalism（II） A Man Said to the Universe A man said to the universe: Sir I exist!“ However, replied the universe, The fact has not created in me A sense of obligation. -- Stephen Crane Cold, indifferent, and essentially Godless world I. American Naturalism—pessimistic realism/ determinism 1. Background 1) The emergence of “Modern America” Industrialism and science and the new philosophy of life——create the economic, social, and cultural transformations of the country 2) New ideas about man and man’s place in the universe began to take root in America. Darwin: evolution; Spencer: social evolution The survival of the fittest the human beast 3) the change of the literary climate Realists : too old French naturalism 2. Representatives: Stephen Crane, Norris and Theodore Dreiser Definition Naturalism is the attempt to achieve fidelity to nature by rejecting idealized portrayals of life. In literature naturalism may be further defined as a technique of presenting an objective view of man or a mode with complete accuracy and frankness. Naturalistic writers hold that man’s existence is shaped by heredity and environment, over which he has no control. Novels and plays in this movement, emphasizing the animal nature of man, portray characters engrossed in a brutal struggle for survival. Emile Zola, founder of the French school of naturalism, held that a novelist should dissect and analyze his subjects with dispassionate and scientific accuracy. Representative writers of naturalism are Theodore Dreiser, Ernest Hemingway, Eugene O’Neill, and William Faulkner. II. Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克兰 (1871-1900) Major Works 1893: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎玛琪—first A. naturalistic work 1895: The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章(war novel) The Black Riders 黑衣骑士 ( book of poems) 1898: The Open Boat and Other Stories海上扁舟 A precursor of Imagi