participles课件.ppt

Participles;Functions of the present participle;3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。例如：  Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. ; 现在分词作补语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。 The story is moving. ;现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。例如： Being ill, Mary didnt come to school yesterday. 2. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。例如： Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while。 While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。例如： Working harder, youll be No. 1 in your class. ;4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。例如： Weighing almost two hundred grams, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作结果状语。例如： He died, leaving nothing but debts. 6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。例如： He sat by the roadside, begging. ;Absolute Construction (独立主格结构）;Dangling participles （悬垂分词）;Past participle;The use of intransitive –ed participles as premodifiers tends to be limited only to a few words: retired, escaped, faded, withered, fallen, expired, risen, returned, vanished, grown. These participles have the sense of completion but imply no passive meaning.;ed- participle as complement;;Gerund (动名词); 在下面两种结构中，动名词也作主语。 （1）为了保持句子平衡，通常用it作形式主语，而把真实主语动名词（短语）放句末。 Complaining to her is useless. 可转化为：It is useless complaining to her. It is no use crying over spilt milk. It’s a waste of time arguing about it. （2）在There is no结构中，通常动名词。 There is no joking about such matters. There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。;Used as object;（1）有些动词后面，如forget, remember, stop, try, mean等，既可跟动名词也可跟不定式作宾语，但是意义不一样。 He forgot paying for the book. He forgot to pay for the book.;（3）动名词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。 He left ahead of time without saying a word. Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children. On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.;Used