土木工程毕业论文工程设计框架结构十.docxVIP

第十四章外文翻译英文摘要:FootingsThe purpose of the structural portion of every building is to transmit applied loads safely from one part of the structure to another.The loads pass from their point of application into the superstructure,then to the foundation,and then into the underlying supporting material. We have discussed the superstructure and foundation walls to some extent. The foundation is generally considered to be the entire lowermost supporting part of the structure. Nomally,a footing is the last ,or nearly the last,structural element of the foundation through which the loads pass. A footing has as its function the requirement of speading out the superimposed load so as not to exceed the safe capacity of the underlying material, usually soil, to which it delivers the load. Additionally, the design of footings must take into account certain practical and ,at times,legal considerations. The more common types of footing may be categorized as follows:Individual column footings are often termed isolated spread footings and are generally square. If space limitations exist ,however , the footing may be rectangular in shape.Wall footing support walls that may be either bearing or nonbearing walls.Combined footings support two or more columns and may be either rectangular or trapezoidal in shape . If two isolated footings are joined by a strap beam ,the footing is sometimes called a cantilever footing.Mat foundations are large continuous footings that support all columns and walls of a structure. They are commonly used where undesirable soil conditions prevail.Pile caps or pile footings serve to transmit column loads to a group of piles,which will in turn transmit the loads to the supporting soil through friction or to underlying rock in bearing. An individual reinforced concrete footing for a column ,also termed an isolated spread footing ,is probably the most common,simplest,and most economical of the various types of footings used for structures. Individual column fo