4CivilEngineeringConstruction第14单元翻译.doc

14 Civil Engineering Construction 土木工程施工 Construction Engineering （土木）工程施工 The construction industry is typically divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring different skills, resources, and knowledge to participate effectively in it. The area classifications typically used are residential (single and multifamily housing), building (all buildings other than housing), heavy/highway (dams, bridges, ports, sewage-treatment plants, highways), utility (sanitary and storm drainage, water lines, electrical and telephone lines, pumping stations), and industrial (refineries, mills, power plants, chemical plants, heavy manufacturing facilities). Civil engineers can be heavily involved in all of these areas of construction, although fewer are involved in residential. Due to the differences in each of these market areas, most engineers specialize in only one or two of the areas during their careers. 建筑行业可以划分为不同的专业领域，在不同的专业领域，只有具有专业性的技术、资源和知识才能更有效的参与其中，这些不同的领域通常包括住宅（单栋住宅和集体住宅），其他居住类建筑（除了住宅外的所有居住建筑），重力建筑/公路（大坝、桥梁、港口、污水处理厂、公路），公共设施（生活污水和雨水管道、生活用水管道、电力管线和通信管线、抽水站），还有工业建筑（炼油厂、制造厂、电力工厂、化工厂、重工业工厂）。 土木工程范围很广，包括以上所有这些领域的工程，而住宅只是其中的一小部分。由于建筑市场各个领域不同，所以许多建筑工程师在他们的职业生涯中只专门从事其中的一到两个领域。 Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the interaction and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish. All projects must be completed in accordance with specific project plans and specifications, along with other contract restrictions that may be imposed on the production operations. Essentially, all civil engineering construction projects are unique. Regardless of the similarity to other projects, there are always distinguishing elements of each project that make it unique, such as the type of soil, the exposure to weather, the human resources assigned to the project, the social and political climate, and so on. In manufacturing, raw resources are brought to a factory with a fairly controlled environment; in construction, the “factory” is set up on