国际贸易原理与实务资料整理分析.doc

1.贸易分类Classification of international trade：Export trade, Import trade, Transit trade。Direct trade, Indirect trade, Entrepot trade。Visible trade, Invisible trade. 2. ICC : International Chamber Of Commercial(国际商会) 3.Mercantilism重商：refers to the school of economic thought that came into existence in Europe during the period from 1500 to 1750. the trade theory that states that nations should accumulate financial wealth, usually in the form of gold, by encouraging exports and discouraging imports is called mercantilism. The main problem with mercantilism is that all countries engaged in export but was restricted from import, another prevention from development of international trade. 4. absolute of advantage绝对优势： Adam Smith developed the trade theory of absolute advantage in 1776. Smith stated that tariffs and quotas should not restrict international trade; it should be allowed to flow according to market forces. Contrary to mercantilism Smith argued that a country should concentrate on production of goods in which it holds an absolute advantage. No country would then need to produce all the goods it consumed. According to the absolute advantage theory, international trade is a positive-sum game, because there are gains for both countries to an exchange. 5. Comparative Advantage相对优势: first introduced by David Ricardo in 1817. The principle of comparative advantage states that a country should specialise in producing and exporting those products in which is has a comparative, or relative cost, advantage compared with other countries and should import those goods in which it has a comparative disadvantage. Out of such specialisation, it is argued, will accrue greater benefit for all. 6. Reasons for trade restrictions: ①a diversified economy to be less dependent on foreign countries both economically and politically. ②Protect vital industries (stability and economic development).③Infant industry argument (a new industry needs to be protected until the labor force is trai