balancing the budget through social exploitation why hard times are even harder for some平衡预算通过社会剥削为什么困难时期甚至更难一些.pdfVIP

Advances in Applied Sociology 111 2012. Vol.2, No.2, 111-119 Published Online June 2012 in SciRes (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/aasoci) /10.4236/aasoci.2012.22015 Balancing the Budget through Social Exploitation: Why Hard Times Are Even Harder for Some John Tropman, Emily Nicklett School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Email: tropman@ Received March 14th th th , 2012; revised April 16 , 2012; accepted April 30 , 2012 In all societies needs and wants regularly exceed resources. Thus societies are always in deficit; demand always exceeds supply and “balancing the budget” is a constant social problem. To make matters some- what worse, research suggests that need- and want-fulfillment tends to further stimulate the cycle of want- seeking rather than satiating desire. Societies use various resource-allocation mechanisms, including price, to cope with gaps between wants and resources. Social exploitation is a second mechanism, securing labor from population segments that can be coerced or convinced to perform necessary work for free or at be- low-market compensation. Using practical examples, this article develops a theoretical framework for understanding social exploitation. It then offers case e