意义及修辞的邪恶文档.docxVIP

特邀作文2011年6月17日，在俄罗斯杂志“上发表，） It is crucial to distinguish between the meaning of evil and the rhetoric of evil.这是至关重要的区分意义的邪恶和邪恶的言论。 The question of the meaning of evil is an interpretive question: What do we mean when we use the word evil?邪恶的意义的问题是一种解释性的问题：当我们用“ 恶 ”字是什么意思？ The rhetoric of evil, by contrast, pertains to the use of the word evil to serve ideological and political purposes.邪恶的言论，相反，这个词的使用有关的“邪恶”的服务思想和政治目的。 I will take up each in turn.我会在每个。 The Meaning of Evil邪恶的意义Traditionally, evil has been conceived as the absence or privation of goodness--a conception that harks back to Plato.传统，被视为是邪恶的善良 - 一个概念，可以追溯到柏拉图的缺失或匮乏。 Against this traditional viewpoint, other thinkers associate evil with the presence of something uniquely destructive.在这种传统的观点，其他思想家副邪恶与独特的破坏性的东西存在。 Schelling, for example, affirmed evils reality as a principle of darkness manifesting in the grandiose exaltation of self-will.谢林，例如，肯定了作为一个黑暗的原则体现在自我意志的宏伟提高的邪恶的现实。 Similarly, at the core of what Nietzsche meant by evil was the concept of ressentiment --a particularly virulent and violent form of resentment and hatred born of impotence.同样，在尼采邪恶的意思的核心概念主义愤恨之情-一个特别强阳痿出生不满和仇恨和暴力的形式。 And Freud located evil in a universal destructiveness lying at the core of human instinctual life.和弗洛伊德位于恶卧在人类的本能生活的核心中的一种普遍的破坏性。 In my own recent work, I have proposed that large-scale human destructiveness can often be grasped as being reactive to collective trauma.在我自己最近的工作，我建议，大规模的人类破坏性往往可以掌握集体创伤反应。 A number of philosophers were led to rethink the meaning of evil in reaction to the atrocities of twentieth-century totalitarianism.一些哲学家，导致重新思考的邪恶在二十世纪极权主义的暴行的反应的意义。 For Levinas, for example, evil was not just the absence or failure of goodness; it was a nihilistic excess that constituted a complete break with ethical normativity itself.例如，对于列维纳斯，邪恶不只是善良的缺失或失败，这是一个虚无主义的“过剩”，构成了与道德的规范性本身的彻底决裂。 Jonas, too, attributed the upsurge of evil in the twentieth century to a nihilism that eradicated ethical normativity.乔纳斯，也热潮在二十世