built environment and its influences on walking among older women use of standardized geographic units to define urban forms建筑环境及其影响行走在老年妇女使用标准化的地理单元定义城市形式.pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Environmental and Public Health Volume 2012, Article ID 203141, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2012/203141 Research Article Built Environment and Its Influences on Walking among Older Women: Use of Standardized Geographic Units to Define Urban Forms Vivian W. Siu,1 William E. Lambert,2 Rongwei Fu,2 Teresa A. Hillier,3 Mark Bosworth,4 and Yvonne L. Michael5 1 Population Research Center and Institute of Metropolitan Studies, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA 2 Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code CB 669, Portland, OR 97239, USA 3 Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Northwest/Hawaii, 3800 N. Interstate Avenue, Portland, OR 97227, USA 4 Metro Data Resource Center, 600 NE Grand Avenue, Portland, OR 97232, USA 5 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, 1505 Race Street, MS 1033, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Vivian W. Siu, vsiu@ Received 4 January 2012; Accepted 12 June 2012 Academic Editor: David Strogatz Copyright © 2012 Vivian W. Siu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Consensus is lacking on specific and policy-relevant measures of neighborhood attributes that may affect health outcomes. To address this limitation, we created small standardized geographic units measuring the transit, commercial, and park area access, intersection, and population density for the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Cluster analysis was used