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Primer Cracking the Polyketide Code David A. Hopwood or half a century, natural engineering the enzymes to produce competitive advantage in the complex products from microorganisms ‘unnatural natural products’ with novel soil environment, where they are Fhave been the main source properties. exposed to stresses of all kinds (Challis of medicines for treating infectious Following the development and Hopwood 2003). The compounds disease. The most important chemical of penicillin for the treatment have many functions, but those class of these antibiotics, apart from of septicemia in the early 1940s, the penicillins, is the polyketides. They numerous antibiotics were discovered Copyright: © 2004 David A. Hopwood. This is an are made by the stepwise building of and introduced into medicine. While a open-access article distributed under the terms of long carbon chains, two atoms at a fungus makes penicillin, semisynthetic the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduc- time, by multifunctional enzymes that derivatives of which have been a tion in any medium, provided the original work is determine the chain length, oxidation mainstay of antibacterial therapy for properly cited. state, and pattern of branching, decades, most natural antibacterial