support for a long lifetime and short end-to-end delays with tdma protocols in sensor networks支持长寿命短的端到端延迟和tdma协议在传感器网络.pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks Volume 2012, Article ID 651748, 29 pages doi:10.1155/2012/651748 Research Article Support for a Long Lifetime and Short End-to-End Delays with TDMA Protocols in Sensor Networks Marcin Brzozowski, Hendrik Salomon, and Peter Langendoerfer IHP, Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt, Germany Correspondence should be addressed to Marcin Brzozowski, brzozowski@ Received 15 December 2011; Revised 20 April 2012; Accepted 3 May 2012 Academic Editor: Cristina Cano Copyright © 2012 Marcin Brzozowski et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This work addresses a tough challenge of achieving two opposing goals: ensuring long lifetimes and supporting short end-to-end delays in sensor networks. Obviously, sensor nodes must wake up often to support short delays in multi-hop networks. As event occurs seldom in common applications, most wake-up are useless: nodes waste energy due to idle listening. We introduce a set of solutions, referred to as LETED (limiting end-to-end delays), which shorten the wake-up periods, reduce idle listening, and save energy. We exploit hardware features of available transceivers that allow early detection of idle wake-up periods. This feature is introduced on top of our approach to reduce idle listening stemming from clock drift owing to the estimation of run-time drift. To evaluate LETED and other MAC protocols that support short end-to-end delays we present an analytical model, which considers almost 30 hardware and software parameters. Our evaluation revealed that LETED reduces idle listening by 15