11 Modifications of Basic Clause Patterns（11个基本条款的修改模式）.pdfVIP

11 Modifications of Basic Clause Patterns key concepts Transformational grammar: deep structure, surface structure, transformations Movement Assignment of semantic roles Deletion Insertion Discourse functions of modified clauses introduction In our chapter on Basic Clause Patterns, we dealt with simple sentences, that is, sentences that contain only one clause, consisting of an NP subject, AUX, and VP predicate. In this chapter we examine sentences in which elements of simple sentences are moved from their canonical positions, are understood even though no words are present, and in which certain kinds of elements are inserted into clauses to fulfill certain functions. In order to explain the phenomena of movement, deletion, and insertion, we will introduce elements from a theory of syntax called transformational gram- mar. Specifically we will distinguish between a clause’s deep structure (DS), the nature of which we will make clear later, and its surface structure (SS), i.e., the form it actually occurs in. We will also introduce transformational rules, i.e., the rules that move, delete, and insert linguistic elements in the journey from deep to surface structure. As we go along we will also dis- cuss the discourse functions of the sentence types we introduce. (To fol- low the development of one strand of transformational grammar see Carnie 2007; Chomsky 1964; Culicover 1976, 1982; Radford 1981, 1988, 1997a, 1997b.) movement We begin by examining sentence variations that involve the movement of elements from one position to another in a clause. We begin with one of the simplest of these variations—particle movement. Particle movement Particles are words such as up or over that may occur as prepositions when they take their own NP objects or as adverbs when they modify Vs or VPs. When these words combine with a verb to create an idioma