Application of Newton’s Second Law to a （应用牛顿第二定律的）.pdfVIP

Essay 8 Application of Newton鈥檚 Second Law to a Flowing Fluid 8.1 Introduction Newton鈥檚 Second Law, in its strictest form, is applicable only to a fixed-mass system. To avoid this restriction, it is possible to transform the fixed-mass form of Newton鈥檚 Second Law to another form which does not require that a fixed mass is involved. The transformation from the original Second Law to the non-fixed-mass form is called the Reynolds Transport Theorem . The resulting form of Newton鈥檚 Second Law which is obtained from the Transport Theorem shifts the focus of attention from a fixed mass to a fixed finite volume called a control volume. A control volume is a bookkeeping concept which focuses attention on events occurring at its bounding surfaces and determines the impacts of those surface events on the state of the fluid contained within the control volume. To illustrate the use of a control volume, Fig. 8.1 has been prepared. The figure shows a general fluid flow indicated by the streamlines. A small volume having dimensions 肀戫饱, 肀戫宝, and 肀戫抱 is positioned in the flow at an arbitrary location. Since a control volume is a mental construct, the Fig. 8. 1 A control volume situated in a general fluid flow flowing fluid does not acknowledge its existence. The fluid flows through the control volume as if it does not exist. 8.1 When the Reynolds Transport Theorem is employed, the original fixed-mass version of Newton鈥檚 Second Law is replaced by: For a control volume and for each coordinate direction, the net force acting on the surfaces and on the volume (body force) must equal the net rate of outflow of momentum. 8.2 Net Directional Forces Acting on a Control Volume The forces and