Dissection of the Spiny Dogfish Shark – Squalus （解剖的白斑角鲨鲨鱼u2014u2014Squalus）.pdf

Dissection of the Spiny Dogfish Shark – Squalus acanthias Biology 110 – Penn State New Kensington (D. Sillman - adapted from ‘Laboratory Studies in Integrated Zoology’ by Hickman and Hickman) Classification Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Chondrichthyes (cartilagenous fishes) The class Chondrichthyes includes the sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras and is characterized in part by having a skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone. Most fish belong to the class Osteichthyes (bony fish – skeletons made of bone). The sharks are very generalized vertebrates and are large enough to dissect fairly easily, making them a popular choice for introductory vertebrate dissection. Dogfish sharks are marine and are common along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. They grow to about 1 m in length, live 25-30 years, and are omnivorous (eating both plant and animal matter). External structure (Refer to Figures 1 and 2 on p. 5) The body is divided into the head (anterior to the pectoral fins), trunk (from pectoral fins to pelvic fins), and tail. The fins include a pair of pectoral fins (anterior), which control changes in directions during swimming; a pair of pelvic fins, which serve as stabilizers and which in the male are modified to form claspers used in copulation; two median dorsal fins, which also serve as stabilizers; and an asymmetrical caudal (tail) fin. The spiny dogfish is so named for a pair of spines immediately anterior to each dorsal fin. These spines are often removed from dissection specimens as they are mildly poisonous! Identify the mouth with its rows of teeth (modified placoid scales), which are adapted for cutting and shearing; two ventral nostrils, which lead to olfactory sacs and which are equipped with folds of skin that allow continual in-and-out movement of water; and the lateral eyes, which lack movable eyelids but have folds of skin that cover the outer margin of the eyeballs. The part of th